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@ARTICLE{Kaur2026-fy,
  title     = "Inactivation kinetics for plasmonic photothermal based
               eradication of {ESKAPE} and Candida albicans pathogens",
  author    = "Kaur, Sarabjot and Kaur, Parminder and Dadwal, Rajneesh and
               Nandanwar, Hemraj and Soni, Sanjeev",
  abstract  = "Leading cause of nosocomial infections worldwide i.e.,
               Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella
               pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
               Enterobacter species collectively referred as ESKAPE and Candida
               albicans that are associated with high morbidity and mortality
               rates, tends to develop resistance or escape conventional
               antimicrobial strategies. This study presents, for the first
               time, a detailed temperature-time kinetic analysis of the
               plasmonic photothermal technique against the entire spectrum of
               ESKAPE and C. albicans pathogens, both individually and in
               complex combinations thereof. Literature reports inactivation
               kinetics based on isothermal and non-isothermal principles which
               involve water baths, oil baths, or thermoresistometer, etc. to
               obtain the desired inactivation. Here, inactivation kinetics of
               combination of pathogens, ESKAPE and Candida albicans (with
               initial load of 5 $\times$ 107 CFU/mL of each pathogen) using
               plasmonic photothermal technique (broadband irradiation in the
               presence triangular silver nanoplates) are investigated in
               detail. The result showed complete eradication of the pathogens
               combination within ∼10 min at 74 °C. Further, effective
               killing/inactivation of individual pathogens was achieved in
               merely 3-7.5 min (∼48 °C - 60 °C). The obtained inactivation
               kinetics revealed key aspects of the pathogen like major
               morphological changes/alterations including the presence of
               injured or thermotolerant populations, which were evidenced by
               shoulder, tailing, and sigmoidal patterns in the survival
               curves. However, broadband irradiation alone and triangular
               silver nanoplates alone provided non-significant antimicrobial
               effect even after 15 min of exposure duration. Further,
               assessment of inactivation mechanism of pathogens on plasmonic
               photothermal technique demonstrated reactive oxygen species
               (ROS) generation and cytoplasmic DNA efflux, thereby revealing
               synergistic effect of temperature elevation and oxidative stress
               leading to complete killing/inactivation of the pathogens. The
               study emphasizes the crucial role of temperature-time process
               parameters of plasmonic photothermal technique to eliminate
               broad spectrum pathogens of considerably high initial loadings
               within few minutes (10 min) at considerably lower temperatures
               which is 74 °C in comparison to the conventional autoclave which
               requires operating temperature of 121 °C.",
  journal   = "J. Photochem. Photobiol. B",
  publisher = "Elsevier BV",
  volume    =  278,
  number    =  113425,
  pages     = "113425",
  month     =  may,
  year      =  2026,
  keywords  = "Broadband; DNA efflux; Inactivation; Kinetics; Plasmonic
               photothermal technique; ROS; Triangular silver nanoplates",
  language  = "en"
}