@article{open2675,
           month = {April},
           title = {Abundance and Diversity of Phages, Microbial Taxa, and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Sediments of the River Ganges Through Metagenomic Approach},
          author = {Narender Kumar and Amit Kumar Gupta and Sarabjeet Kour Sudan and Deepika Pal and Vinay Randhawa and Girish Sahni and Shanmugam Mayilraj and Manoj Kumar},
       publisher = {Mary Ann Liebert},
            year = {2021},
            note = {The copyright of this article belongs to Mary Ann Liebert.},
         journal = {Microbial drug resistance (Larchmont, N.Y.)},
        keywords = {phages;bacteria;antibiotic resistance; genes the Ganges River;sediment; metagenomics},
             url = {http://crdd.osdd.net/open/2675/},
        abstract = {In this study, we have analyzed the metagenomic DNA from the pooled sediment sample of the river Ganges to explore the abundance and diversity of phages, microbial community, and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Utilizing data from Illumina platform, 4,174 (similar to 0.0013\%) reads were classified for the 285 different DNA viruses largely dominated by the group of 260 distinctive phages (3,602 reads, similar to 86.3\%). Among all, Microcystis (782 hits), Haemophilus (403), Synechococcus (386), Pseudomonas (279), Enterococcus (232), Bacillus (196), Rhodococcus (166), Caulobacter (163), Salmonella (146), Enterobacteria (143), Mycobacterium and (128) phages show the highest abundance and account for similar to 90\% of the total identified phages. In addition, we have also identified corresponding host pertaining to these phages. Mainly, Proteobacteria (similar to 69.3\%) dominates the microbial population structure. Primarily, orders such as Caulobacterales (similar to 28\%), Burkholderiales (similar to 13.9\%), Actinomycetales (similar to 13.7\%), and Pseudomonadales (similar to 7.5\%) signify the core section. Furthermore, 21,869 (similar to 0.00695\%) reads were classified in 20 ARG types (classes) and 240 ARGs (subtypes), among which 4 ARG types, namely multidrug resistance (12,041 reads, similar to 55\%), bacitracin (3,202 reads, similar to 15\%), macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (1,744 reads, similar to 7.98\%), and fosmidomycin (990 reads, similar to 4.53\%), have the highest abundance. Simultaneously, six resistance mechanisms were also recognized with the dominance of antibiotic efflux (72.8\%, 15,919 reads). The results unveil the distribution of (pro)-phages; microbial community; and various ARGs in the Ganges river sediments.}
}