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Primary information
ThPP ID	Th1024
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name	Gramicidin D
Sequence	VGALAVVVWLWLWLWX view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification	IIa
Molecular Weight	1882.2947
Chemical Formula	C99H140N20O17
Isoelectric Point	N.A.
Hydrophobicity	N.A.
Melting Point (℃)	229
Half Life	N.A.
Description	Gramcidin D is a heterogeneous mixture of three antibiotic compounds, gramicidins A, B and C, making up 80%, 6%, and 14% respectively all of which are obtained from the soil bacterial species Bacillus brevis and called collectively gramicidin D. Gramcidins are 15 residue peptides with alternating D and L amino acids. The peptides assemble inside of the hydrophobic interior of the cellular lipid bilayer to form an alpha helix. The helix itself is not long enough to span the membrane but it dimerizes to form the elongated channel needed to span the whole membrane. Gramicidin D is used primarily as a topical antibiotic and is one of the three constituents of consumer antibiotic polysporin ophthalmic solution.
Indication/Disease	For treatment of skin lesions, surface wounds and eye infections
Pharmacodynamics	Gramicidin is particularly effective against gram-positive bacteria because the drug is highly hemolytic, it cannot be administered internally and so is used only on the skin as a lotion or ointment. It is used primarily in the treatment of infected surface wounds, and in eye, nose, and throat infections. It is normally given with two other antibiotics (neomycin and polymixin B) as an ophthalmic solution
Mechanism of Action	Gramicidin D binds and inserts itself into bacterial membranes (preference to gram-positive cell membranes) resulting in membrane disruption and permeabilization (it acts as a channel). This leads to loss of intracellular solutes (e.g., K+ and amino acids); dissipation of the transmembrane potential; inhibition of respiration; a reduction in ATP pools; and inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis, which leads to cell death.
Toxicity	N.A.
Metabolism	N.A.
Absorption	N.A.
Volume of Distribution	N.A.
Clearance	N.A.
Categories	Anti-Bacterial Agents
Patents Number	N.A.
Date of Issue	N.A.
Date of Expiry	N.A.
Drug Interaction	N.A.
Target	N.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name	Neosporin
Company	Pfizer
Brand Discription	Neosporin Ophthalmic Ointment(neomycin and polymyxin B sulfates and bacitracin zinc ophthalmic ointment) is a sterile antimicrobial ointment for ophthalmic use. Neomycin sulfate is the sulfate salt of neomycin B and C, which are produced by the growth of
Prescribed for	Neosporin ointment is an antibiotic combination which works by killing sensitive bacteria on the skin or in wounds.Thus, treating and preventing infection due to minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.
Chemical Name	N.A.
Formulation	Each gram contains: neomycin sulfate equivalent to 3.5 mg neomycin base, polymyxin B sulfate equivalent to 10,000 polymyxin B units, bacitracin zinc equivalent to 400 bacitracin units, and white petrolatum, q.s.
Physcial Appearnce	Ointment
Route of Administration	External use only
Recommended Dosage	Apply the ointment every 3 or 4 hours for 7 to 10 days depending on the severity of the infection.
Contraindication	Individuals who have shown hypersensitivity to any of its components
Side Effects	Rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue; skin irritation, pain, burning, cracking, redness, or peeling not present before using Neosporin ointment; worsening or recurrence of wound symptoms.
Useful Link	http://www.drugs.com/cdi/neosporin-ointment.html
PubMed ID	10397797
3-D Structure	Th1024 (View) or (Download)