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Primary information
ThPP ID	Th1070
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein Name	Botulinum Toxin Type A
Sequence	MPFVNKQFNYKDPVNGVDIAYIKIPNVGQMQPVKAFKIHNKIWVIPERDT view full sequnce in fasta
Functional Classification	Ic
Molecular Weight	149322.7
Chemical Formula	C6760H10447N1743O2010S32
Isoelectric Point	6.06
Hydrophobicity	-0.368
Melting Point (℃)	N.A.
Half Life	N.A.
Description	Purified botulinum toxin from Clostridium botulinum, purified from culture via dialysis and acid precipitation.
Indication/Disease	For the treatment of cervical dystonia in adults to decrease the severity of abnormal head position and neck pain associated with cervical dystonia. Also for the treatment of severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis that is inadequately managed with topical agents and for the treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm associated with dystonia, including benign essential blepharospasm or VII nerve disorders in patients 12 years of age and above. Also used cosmetically to temporarily improve the appearance of moderate-to-severe frown lines between the eyebrows (glabellar lines) as well as for the treatment of excessive underarm sweating.
Pharmacodynamics	A 150 kDa neurotoxic protein produced from fermentation of Hall strain Clostridium botulinum type A grown in a medium containing casein hydrolysate, glucose and yeast extract. It is purified from the culture solution by dialysis and a series of acid precipitations to a complex consisting of the neurotoxin, and several accessory proteins. Botulinum Toxin Type A is not expected to be present in the peripheral blood at measurable levels following IM or intradermal injection at the recommended doses. The recommended quantities of neurotoxin administered at each treatment session are not expected to result in systemic, overt distant clinical effects, i.e. muscle weakness, in patients without other neuromuscular dysfunction. However, sub-clinical systemic effects have been shown by single-fiber electromyography after IM doses of botulinum toxins appropriate to produce clinically observable local muscle weakness.
Mechanism of Action	Botulinum Toxin Type A blocks neuromuscular transmission by binding to acceptor sites on motor or sympathetic nerve terminals, entering the nerve terminals, and inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. This inhibition occurs as the neurotoxin cleaves SNAP-25, a protein integral to the successful docking and release of acetylcholine from vesicles situated within nerve endings.
Toxicity	Based on toxicological studies, it has been estimated that the human LD50 by injection is approximately 2800 Units, equivalent to 28 individual vials of BOTOX (Botulinum Toxin Type A) Purified Neurotoxin Complex (100 Units) for a 70 kg adult. When injected intramuscularly, Botulinum Toxin Type A has been shown to be teratogenic or to have embryocidal effects in some animal species.
Metabolism	N.A.
Absorption	The chemical complexity of Botulinum Toxin Type A combined with its extreme potency limits the opportunity to study its pharmacokinetic profile in humans. Therefore, no human pharmacokinetic studies have been performed. Botulinum Toxin Type A is injected directly into the target organ, a skeletal muscle. Thus, bioavailability of the intravenous or oral route is not of clinical relevance.
Volume of Distribution	N.A.
Clearance	N.A.
Categories	Neuromuscular Blocking Agents, Anti-Wrinkle Agents and Antidystonic Agents
Patents Number	CA2280565
Date of Issue	16/11/09
Date of Expiry	21/08/23
Drug Interaction	N.A.
Target	N.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand Name	BOTOXÂ
Company	Allergan
Brand Discription	BOTOX (onabotulinum toxin A) For Injection is a sterile, vacuum-dried purified botulinum toxin type A. It is purified from the culture solution byÂ dialysisÂ and a series of acid precipitations to a complex consisting of theÂ neurotoxin, and several accessory proteins. The complex is dissolved in sterile sodium chloride solution containing Albumin Human and is sterile filtered (0.2 microns) prior to filling and vacuum-drying.
Prescribed for	Prescribed in cases such as Bladder Dysfunction, Chronic Migraine, Upper Limb Spasticity, Cervical Dystonia, Primary Axillary Hyperhidrosis, Blepharospasm and Strabismus
Chemical Name	N.A.
Formulation	Each vial of BOTOX contains either 50 Units ofÂ Clostridium botulinumÂ type A neurotoxin complex, 0.25 mg of Albumin Human, and 0.45 mg of sodium chloride; 100 Units ofÂ Clostridium botulinumÂ type A neurotoxin complex, 0.5 mg of Albumin Human, and 0.9 mg of sodium chloride; or 200 Units of Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin complex, 1 mg of Albumin Human, and 1.8 mg of sodium chloride in a sterile, vacuum-dried form without a preservative.
Physcial Appearnce	BOTOX (onabotulinum toxin A) For Injection is a sterile, vacuum-dried purified botulinum toxin type A, produced from fermentation of Hall strainClostridium botulinumÂ type A
Route of Administration	IntramuSubcutaneousular, intradetrusor and intrade
Recommended Dosage	Do not exceed a total dose of 360 Units administered in a 3 month interval.
Contraindication	Known Hypersensitivity to Botulinum Toxin, Infection at the Injection Site, Urinary Tract Infection or Urinary Retention.
Side Effects	Spread of Toxin Effects, Hypersensitivity, Dysphagia and Breathing Difficulties in Treatment of Cervical Dystonia, Bronchitis and Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Patients Treated for Spasticity, Urinary Retention in Patients Treated for Bladder Dysfunction.
Useful Link	http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=33d066a9-34ff-4a1a-b38b-d10983df3300 http://www.rxlist.com/botox-drug.htm http://www.allergan.com/assets/pdf/botox_pi.pdf
PubMed ID	15887434
3-D Structure	Th1070 (View) or (Download)