==== Reference: Usmani SS, Bedi G, Samuel JS, Singh S, Kalra S, Kumar P, et al. (2017) THPdb: Database of FDA-approved peptide and protein therapeutics. PLoS ONE 12(7) e0181748.====

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Primary information
ThPP IDTh1100
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein NamePramlintide
SequenceKCNTATCATQRLANFLVHSSNNFGPILPPTNVGSNTY view full sequnce in fasta
Functional ClassificationIa
Molecular Weight3949.3896
Chemical FormulaC171H267N51O53S2
Isoelectric PointN.A.
HydrophobicityN.A.
Melting Point (℃)N.A.
Half LifeApproximately 48 minutes
DescriptionNew adjunct treatment for type I and type II diabetes. It is developed by Amylin Pharmaceuticals. It is derived from amylin, a hormone released after meal, in a pattern similar to insulin. Diabetic patients are also deficient in amylin.
Indication/DiseaseFor the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to preprandial insulin therapy in patients without adequate glycemic control of insulin therapy.
PharmacodynamicsPramlintide is a synthetic analog of amylin, a glucoregulatory hormone that is synthesized by pancreatic β-cells and released into the bloodstream, in a similar pattern as insulin, after a meal. Like insulin, amylin is deficient in individuals with diabetes. It is provided as an acetate salt. Pramlintide is a 37-amino acid polypeptide that differs structurally from human amylin by the replacement of alanine, serine, and serine at positions 25, 28, and 29 respectively with proline.
Mechanism of ActionPramlintide is an amlyinomimetic, a functional analog of the naturally occurring pancreatic hormone amylin. Amylin has activity in a number of gastrointestinal and glucodynamic systems, and by mimicking its activity, pramlintide acts to improve glycemic control through modulation of the rate of gastric emptying, prevention of post-prandial rise in glucagon levels, and by increasing sensations of satiety, thereby reducing caloric intake and potentiating weight loss. There appears to be at least three distinct receptor complexes that bind with high affinity to amylin. All three complexes contain the calcitonin receptor at the core, plus one of three Receptor activity-modifying proteins, RAMP1, RAMP2, or RAMP3.
ToxicityN.A.
MetabolismMetabolized primarily by the kidneys.
AbsorptionThe absolute bioavailability of a single subcutaneous dose of pramlintide is approximately 30 to 40%.
Volume of DistributionN.A.
ClearanceN.A.
CategoriesN.A.
Patents NumberUS5686411
Date of Issue17/03/03
Date of Expiry17/03/23
Drug InteractionN.A.
TargetCalcitonin receptor,Receptor activity-modifying protein 1,Receptor activity-modifying protein 2,Receptor activity-modifying protein 3
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand NameSymlin
CompanyAmylin Pharmaceuticals (now a wholly owned subsidiary of AstraZeneca)
Brand DiscriptionSYMLIN (pramlintide acetate) injection is an anti-diabetic medication for use in patients with diabetes treated with insulin. Pramlintide is a synthetic analog of human amylin, a naturally occurring neuroendocrine hormone synthesized by pancreatic beta cells that contributes to glucose control during the postprandial period. Pramlintide is provided as an acetate salt of the synthetic 37-amino acid polypeptide, which differs in amino acid sequence from human amylin by replacement with proline at positions 25 (alanine), 28 (serine), and 29 (serine). The structural formula of pramlintide acetate is shown below: Lys-Cys-Asn-Thr-Ala-Thr-Cys-Ala-Thr-Gln-Arg-Leu-Ala-Asn-Phe-Leu-Val-His-Ser-Ser-AsnAsn-Phe-Gly-Pro-Ile-Leu-Pro-Pro-Thr-Asn-Val-Gly-Ser-Asn-Thr-Tyr-NH2 acetate (salt) with a disulfide bridge between the two Cys residues. Pramlintide acetate is a white powder that has a molecular formula of C171H267N51O53S2• × C2H4O2 (3 ≤ × ≤ 8); the molecular weight is 3949.4. Pramlintide acetate is soluble in water.
Prescribed forSYMLIN is indicated as an adjunctive treatment in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes who use mealtime insulin therapy and who have failed to achieve desired glucose control despite optimal insulin therapy.
Chemical NameN.A.
FormulationThe disposable multidose SymlinPen pen-injector contains 1000 mcg/mL of pramlintide (as acetate). The formulation contains 2.25 mg/mL of metacresol as a preservative, D-mannitol as a tonicity modifier, acetic acid, sodium acetate as pH modifiers, and water for injection. SYMLIN has a pH of approximately 4.0
Physcial AppearnceClear, isotonic, sterile solution for subcutaneous administration
Route of AdministrationSubcutaneous
Recommended DosageReduce mealtime insulin doses by 50%, then initiate SYMLIN at 15 mcg subcutaneously, injecting immediately prior to each major meal. Increase the SYMLIN dose to the next increment (30, 45, or 60 mcg) when no clinically significant nausea has occurred for at least 3 days. If significant nausea persists at the 45 or 60 mcg dose level, the SYMLIN dose should be decreased to 30 mcg. If the 30 mcg dose is not tolerated, discontinuation of SYMLIN therapy should be considered.
ContraindicationN.A.
Side EffectsNausea, Anorexia, Vomiting, Arthralgia, Fatigue, Allergic Reaction, Dizziness
Useful Linkhttp://www.symlin.com/ http://www.rxlist.com/symlin-drug.htm http://www.drugs.com/pro/symlin.html http://diabetes.emedtv.com/symlin/symlin.html
PubMed ID18998755, 17619527, 16330288, 12841822
3-D StructureTh1100 (View) or (Download)