==== Reference: Usmani SS, Bedi G, Samuel JS, Singh S, Kalra S, Kumar P, et al. (2017) THPdb: Database of FDA-approved peptide and protein therapeutics. PLoS ONE 12(7) e0181748.====

Detailed description page of THPdb


Details of Th1041 which contains 5 entries.


Entry 1
(1) Primary information
ID1283
ThPP IDTh1041
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein NameInsulin Glargine
SequenceA-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCG;B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHLV view full sequnce in fasta
Functional ClassificationIa
Molecular Weight6.063
Chemical FormulaC267H404N72O78S6
Isoelectric Point6.88
Hydrophobicity0.098
Melting Point (℃)81
Half LifeNot reported in humans; 30 hours in mammalian reticulocytes.
DescriptionInsulin glargine is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a non-pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli (K12). It is an analogue of human insulin made by replacing the asparagine residue at position A21 of the A-chain with glycine and adding two arginines to the C-terminus (positions B31 and 32) of the B-chain. The resulting protein is soluble at pH 4 and forms microprecipitates at physiological pH 7.4. Small amounts of insulin glargine are slowly released from microprecipitates giving the drug a long duration of action (up to 24 hours) and no pronounced peak concentration.
Indication/DiseaseTo treat Type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus in patients over 17 years old who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for the control of hyperglycemia. May be used in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for control of hyperglycemia. May be used in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for glycemic control.
PharmacodynamicsInsulin is a natural hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas. In non-diabetic individuals, a basal level of insulin is supplemented with insulin spikes following meals. Increased insulin secretion following meals is responsible for the metabolic changes that occur as the body transitions from a postabsorptive to absorptive state. Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose, particularly in muscle and adipose tissues, promotes energy storage via glycogenesis, opposes catabolism of energy stores, increases DNA replication and protein synthesis by stimulating amino acid uptake by liver, muscle and adipose tissue, and modifies the activity of numerous enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. Insulin also promotes growth and is required for the actions of growth hormone (e.g. protein synthesis, cell division, DNA synthesis). Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analogue used to mimic postprandial insulin spikes in diabetic individuals. The onset of action of insulin lispro is 10-15 minutes. Its activity peaks 60 minutes following subcutaneous injection and its duration of action is 4-5 hours. Compared to regular human insulin, insulin lispro has a more rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of action. Insulin lispro is also shown to be equipotent to human insulin on a molar basis.
Mechanism of ActionInsulin glargine binds to the insulin receptor, a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. Activation of these proteins leads to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), both of which play critical roles in metabolism. Insulin glargine is completely soluble at pH 4, the pH of administered solution, and has low solubility at physiological pH 7.4. Upon subcuteous injection, the solution is neutralized resulting in the formation of microprecipitates. Small amounts of insulin glargine are released from microprecipitates giving the drug a relatively constant concentration over time profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. This release mechanism allows the drug to mimic basal insulin levels within the body.
ToxicityInappropriately high dosages relative to food intake and/or energy expenditure may result in severe and sometimes prolonged and life-threatening hypoglycemia. Neurogenic (autonomic) signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include trembling, palpitations, sweat
MetabolismPartly metabolized to two active metabolites with similar in vitro activity to insulin: A21-Gly-insulin and A21-Gly-des-B30-Thr-insulin.
AbsorptionDue to the modifications in the A and B chain, the isoelectric point shifts towards a neutral pH and insulin glargine is more stable in acidic conditions than regular insulin. As insulin glargine is less soluble at neutral pH, once injected, forms micro-p
Volume of DistributionN.A.
ClearanceN.A.
CategoriesHypoglycemic Agents
Patents NumberUS7476652
Date of Issue1/23/2004
Date of Expiry1/23/2024
Drug InteractionSomatropin may antagonize the hypoglycemic effect of insulin glargine. Monitor for changes in fasting and postprandial blood sugars.
TargetInsulin receptor,Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand NameLantus
CompanySanofi-Aventis
Brand DiscriptionLantus is a recombinant human insulin analog that is a long-acting (up to 24-hour duration of action), parenteral blood-glucose-lowering agent. LANTUS is produced by recombinant DNA technology utilizing a non-pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia co
Prescribed forIts used to improve glycemic control in adults and children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Chemical Name21A-Gly-30Ba-L-Arg-30Bb-L-Arg-human insulin
FormulationLANTUS consists of insulin glargine dissolved in a clear aqueous fluid. Each milliliter of LANTUS contains 100 Units (3.6378 mg) insulin glargine. The 10 mL vial presentation contains the following inactive ingredients per mL: 30 mcg zinc, 2.7 mg m-cresol
Physcial AppearanceSolution
Route of AdministrationSubcutaneous Injection
Recommended DosageLANTUS may be administered at any time during the day. LANTUS should be administered subcutaneously once a day at the same time every day. The dose of LANTUS must be individualized based on clinical response.
ContraindicationHypersensitivity
Side EffectsLow blood sugar (headache, hunger, weakness, sweating, confusion, irritability, dizziness, fast heart rate, or feeling jittery). Sign of insulin allergy include itching skin rash over the entire body, wheezing, trouble breathing, fast heart rate, sweating.
Useful Linkhttp://www.lantus.com
PubMed ID18454569, 16805721, 16049868, 15525480, 12904090, 12860485, 12324987, 20424816, 18034591
3-D StructureTh1041 (View) or (Download)


Entry 2
(2) Primary information
ID1284
ThPP IDTh1041
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein NameInsulin Glargine
SequenceA-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCG;B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHLV view full sequnce in fasta
Functional ClassificationIa
Molecular Weight6.063
Chemical FormulaC267H404N72O78S6
Isoelectric Point6.88
Hydrophobicity0.098
Melting Point (℃)81
Half LifeNot reported in humans; 30 hours in mammalian reticulocytes.
DescriptionInsulin glargine is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a non-pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli (K12). It is an analogue of human insulin made by replacing the asparagine residue at position A21 of the A-chain with glycine and adding two arginines to the C-terminus (positions B31 and 32) of the B-chain. The resulting protein is soluble at pH 4 and forms microprecipitates at physiological pH 7.4. Small amounts of insulin glargine are slowly released from microprecipitates giving the drug a long duration of action (up to 24 hours) and no pronounced peak concentration.
Indication/DiseaseTo treat Type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus in patients over 17 years old who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for the control of hyperglycemia. May be used in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for control of hyperglycemia. May be used in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for glycemic control.
PharmacodynamicsInsulin is a natural hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas. In non-diabetic individuals, a basal level of insulin is supplemented with insulin spikes following meals. Increased insulin secretion following meals is responsible for the metabolic changes that occur as the body transitions from a postabsorptive to absorptive state. Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose, particularly in muscle and adipose tissues, promotes energy storage via glycogenesis, opposes catabolism of energy stores, increases DNA replication and protein synthesis by stimulating amino acid uptake by liver, muscle and adipose tissue, and modifies the activity of numerous enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. Insulin also promotes growth and is required for the actions of growth hormone (e.g. protein synthesis, cell division, DNA synthesis). Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analogue used to mimic postprandial insulin spikes in diabetic individuals. The onset of action of insulin lispro is 10-15 minutes. Its activity peaks 60 minutes following subcutaneous injection and its duration of action is 4-5 hours. Compared to regular human insulin, insulin lispro has a more rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of action. Insulin lispro is also shown to be equipotent to human insulin on a molar basis.
Mechanism of ActionInsulin glargine binds to the insulin receptor, a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. Activation of these proteins leads to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), both of which play critical roles in metabolism. Insulin glargine is completely soluble at pH 4, the pH of administered solution, and has low solubility at physiological pH 7.4. Upon subcuteous injection, the solution is neutralized resulting in the formation of microprecipitates. Small amounts of insulin glargine are released from microprecipitates giving the drug a relatively constant concentration over time profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. This release mechanism allows the drug to mimic basal insulin levels within the body.
ToxicityInappropriately high dosages relative to food intake and/or energy expenditure may result in severe and sometimes prolonged and life-threatening hypoglycemia. Neurogenic (autonomic) signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include trembling, palpitations, sweat
MetabolismPartly metabolized to two active metabolites with similar in vitro activity to insulin: A21-Gly-insulin and A21-Gly-des-B30-Thr-insulin.
AbsorptionDue to the modifications in the A and B chain, the isoelectric point shifts towards a neutral pH and insulin glargine is more stable in acidic conditions than regular insulin. As insulin glargine is less soluble at neutral pH, once injected, forms micro-p
Volume of DistributionN.A.
ClearanceN.A.
CategoriesAntidiabetic Agents
Patents NumberUS6100376
Date of Issue11/06/92
Date of Expiry11/06/09
Drug InteractionThe beta-blocker, Timolol, Sotalol, Propranolol, Practolol, Acebutolol, Atenolol, Betaxolol, Bevantolol, Bisoprolol, Carteolol, Carvedilol, Esmolol
TargetN.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand NameN.A.
CompanyN.A.
Brand DiscriptionN.A.
Prescribed forN.A.
Chemical NameN.A.
FormulationN.A.
Physcial AppearanceN.A.
Route of AdministrationN.A.
Recommended DosageN.A.
ContraindicationN.A.
Side EffectsN.A.
Useful Linkhttp://www.drugs.com/lantus.html
PubMed ID18454569, 16805721, 16049868, 15525480, 12904090, 12860485, 12324987, 20424816, 18034591
3-D StructureTh1041 (View) or (Download)


Entry 3
(3) Primary information
ID1285
ThPP IDTh1041
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein NameInsulin Glargine
SequenceA-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCG;B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHLV view full sequnce in fasta
Functional ClassificationIa
Molecular Weight6.063
Chemical FormulaC267H404N72O78S6
Isoelectric Point6.88
Hydrophobicity0.098
Melting Point (℃)81
Half LifeNot reported in humans; 30 hours in mammalian reticulocytes.
DescriptionInsulin glargine is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a non-pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli (K12). It is an analogue of human insulin made by replacing the asparagine residue at position A21 of the A-chain with glycine and adding two arginines to the C-terminus (positions B31 and 32) of the B-chain. The resulting protein is soluble at pH 4 and forms microprecipitates at physiological pH 7.4. Small amounts of insulin glargine are slowly released from microprecipitates giving the drug a long duration of action (up to 24 hours) and no pronounced peak concentration.
Indication/DiseaseTo treat Type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus in patients over 17 years old who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for the control of hyperglycemia. May be used in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for control of hyperglycemia. May be used in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for glycemic control.
PharmacodynamicsInsulin is a natural hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas. In non-diabetic individuals, a basal level of insulin is supplemented with insulin spikes following meals. Increased insulin secretion following meals is responsible for the metabolic changes that occur as the body transitions from a postabsorptive to absorptive state. Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose, particularly in muscle and adipose tissues, promotes energy storage via glycogenesis, opposes catabolism of energy stores, increases DNA replication and protein synthesis by stimulating amino acid uptake by liver, muscle and adipose tissue, and modifies the activity of numerous enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. Insulin also promotes growth and is required for the actions of growth hormone (e.g. protein synthesis, cell division, DNA synthesis). Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analogue used to mimic postprandial insulin spikes in diabetic individuals. The onset of action of insulin lispro is 10-15 minutes. Its activity peaks 60 minutes following subcutaneous injection and its duration of action is 4-5 hours. Compared to regular human insulin, insulin lispro has a more rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of action. Insulin lispro is also shown to be equipotent to human insulin on a molar basis.
Mechanism of ActionInsulin glargine binds to the insulin receptor, a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. Activation of these proteins leads to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), both of which play critical roles in metabolism. Insulin glargine is completely soluble at pH 4, the pH of administered solution, and has low solubility at physiological pH 7.4. Upon subcuteous injection, the solution is neutralized resulting in the formation of microprecipitates. Small amounts of insulin glargine are released from microprecipitates giving the drug a relatively constant concentration over time profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. This release mechanism allows the drug to mimic basal insulin levels within the body.
ToxicityInappropriately high dosages relative to food intake and/or energy expenditure may result in severe and sometimes prolonged and life-threatening hypoglycemia. Neurogenic (autonomic) signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include trembling, palpitations, sweat
MetabolismPartly metabolized to two active metabolites with similar in vitro activity to insulin: A21-Gly-insulin and A21-Gly-des-B30-Thr-insulin.
AbsorptionDue to the modifications in the A and B chain, the isoelectric point shifts towards a neutral pH and insulin glargine is more stable in acidic conditions than regular insulin. As insulin glargine is less soluble at neutral pH, once injected, forms micro-p
Volume of DistributionN.A.
ClearanceN.A.
CategoriesN.A.
Patents NumberCA1339044
Date of Issue04/01/97
Date of Expiry04/01/14
Drug InteractionN.A.
TargetN.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand NameN.A.
CompanyN.A.
Brand DiscriptionN.A.
Prescribed forN.A.
Chemical NameN.A.
FormulationN.A.
Physcial AppearanceN.A.
Route of AdministrationN.A.
Recommended DosageN.A.
ContraindicationN.A.
Side EffectsN.A.
Useful Linkhttp://www.drugs.com/drug-interactions/insulin-glargine,lantus.html
PubMed ID18454569, 16805721, 16049868, 15525480, 12904090, 12860485, 12324987, 20424816, 18034591
3-D StructureTh1041 (View) or (Download)


Entry 4
(4) Primary information
ID1286
ThPP IDTh1041
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein NameInsulin Glargine
SequenceA-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCG;B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHLV view full sequnce in fasta
Functional ClassificationIa
Molecular Weight6.063
Chemical FormulaC267H404N72O78S6
Isoelectric Point6.88
Hydrophobicity0.098
Melting Point (℃)81
Half LifeNot reported in humans; 30 hours in mammalian reticulocytes.
DescriptionInsulin glargine is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a non-pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli (K12). It is an analogue of human insulin made by replacing the asparagine residue at position A21 of the A-chain with glycine and adding two arginines to the C-terminus (positions B31 and 32) of the B-chain. The resulting protein is soluble at pH 4 and forms microprecipitates at physiological pH 7.4. Small amounts of insulin glargine are slowly released from microprecipitates giving the drug a long duration of action (up to 24 hours) and no pronounced peak concentration.
Indication/DiseaseTo treat Type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus in patients over 17 years old who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for the control of hyperglycemia. May be used in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for control of hyperglycemia. May be used in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for glycemic control.
PharmacodynamicsInsulin is a natural hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas. In non-diabetic individuals, a basal level of insulin is supplemented with insulin spikes following meals. Increased insulin secretion following meals is responsible for the metabolic changes that occur as the body transitions from a postabsorptive to absorptive state. Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose, particularly in muscle and adipose tissues, promotes energy storage via glycogenesis, opposes catabolism of energy stores, increases DNA replication and protein synthesis by stimulating amino acid uptake by liver, muscle and adipose tissue, and modifies the activity of numerous enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. Insulin also promotes growth and is required for the actions of growth hormone (e.g. protein synthesis, cell division, DNA synthesis). Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analogue used to mimic postprandial insulin spikes in diabetic individuals. The onset of action of insulin lispro is 10-15 minutes. Its activity peaks 60 minutes following subcutaneous injection and its duration of action is 4-5 hours. Compared to regular human insulin, insulin lispro has a more rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of action. Insulin lispro is also shown to be equipotent to human insulin on a molar basis.
Mechanism of ActionInsulin glargine binds to the insulin receptor, a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. Activation of these proteins leads to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), both of which play critical roles in metabolism. Insulin glargine is completely soluble at pH 4, the pH of administered solution, and has low solubility at physiological pH 7.4. Upon subcuteous injection, the solution is neutralized resulting in the formation of microprecipitates. Small amounts of insulin glargine are released from microprecipitates giving the drug a relatively constant concentration over time profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. This release mechanism allows the drug to mimic basal insulin levels within the body.
ToxicityInappropriately high dosages relative to food intake and/or energy expenditure may result in severe and sometimes prolonged and life-threatening hypoglycemia. Neurogenic (autonomic) signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include trembling, palpitations, sweat
MetabolismPartly metabolized to two active metabolites with similar in vitro activity to insulin: A21-Gly-insulin and A21-Gly-des-B30-Thr-insulin.
AbsorptionDue to the modifications in the A and B chain, the isoelectric point shifts towards a neutral pH and insulin glargine is more stable in acidic conditions than regular insulin. As insulin glargine is less soluble at neutral pH, once injected, forms micro-p
Volume of DistributionN.A.
ClearanceN.A.
CategoriesN.A.
Patents NumberN.A.
Date of IssueN.A.
Date of ExpiryN.A.
Drug InteractionN.A.
TargetN.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand NameLantus OptiSet
CompanyN.A.
Brand DiscriptionLantus optiset is 100 units/ml solution of insulin glargine in a pre-filled pen.
Prescribed forIts used to reduce high blood sugar in adults, adolescents and children of 6 years or above with diabetes mellitus.
Chemical NameN.A.
FormulationN.A.
Physcial AppearanceSolution
Route of AdministrationSubcutaneous Injection
Recommended DosagePatients need one injection of Lantus every day, at the same time of the day. In children, only evening injection has been studied.OptiSet delivers insulin in increments of 2 units up to a maximum single dose of 40 units. The dosage may vary from person tto person.
ContraindicationHypersensitivity
Side EffectsHypoglycemia, skin changes at the injection site, allergic reactions, large-scale skin reactions (rash and itching all over the body), severe swelling of skin or mucous membranes (angio-oedema), shortness of breath, a fall in blood pressure with rapid headache.
Useful Linkhttp://www.diagnosia.com/en/drug/lantus-optiset-100-unitsml-solution-injection-pre-filled-pen
PubMed ID18454569, 16805721, 16049868, 15525480, 12904090, 12860485, 12324987, 20424816, 18034591
3-D StructureTh1041 (View) or (Download)


Entry 5
(5) Primary information
ID1287
ThPP IDTh1041
Therapeutic Peptide/Protein NameInsulin Glargine
SequenceA-chain:GIVEQCCTSICSLYQLENYCG;B-chain:FVNQHLCGSHLV view full sequnce in fasta
Functional ClassificationIa
Molecular Weight6.063
Chemical FormulaC267H404N72O78S6
Isoelectric Point6.88
Hydrophobicity0.098
Melting Point (℃)81
Half LifeNot reported in humans; 30 hours in mammalian reticulocytes.
DescriptionInsulin glargine is produced by recombinant DNA technology using a non-pathogenic laboratory strain of Escherichia coli (K12). It is an analogue of human insulin made by replacing the asparagine residue at position A21 of the A-chain with glycine and adding two arginines to the C-terminus (positions B31 and 32) of the B-chain. The resulting protein is soluble at pH 4 and forms microprecipitates at physiological pH 7.4. Small amounts of insulin glargine are slowly released from microprecipitates giving the drug a long duration of action (up to 24 hours) and no pronounced peak concentration.
Indication/DiseaseTo treat Type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus in patients over 17 years old who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for the control of hyperglycemia. May be used in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for control of hyperglycemia. May be used in pediatric patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus who require a long-acting (basal) insulin for glycemic control.
PharmacodynamicsInsulin is a natural hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreas. In non-diabetic individuals, a basal level of insulin is supplemented with insulin spikes following meals. Increased insulin secretion following meals is responsible for the metabolic changes that occur as the body transitions from a postabsorptive to absorptive state. Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose, particularly in muscle and adipose tissues, promotes energy storage via glycogenesis, opposes catabolism of energy stores, increases DNA replication and protein synthesis by stimulating amino acid uptake by liver, muscle and adipose tissue, and modifies the activity of numerous enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis and glycolysis. Insulin also promotes growth and is required for the actions of growth hormone (e.g. protein synthesis, cell division, DNA synthesis). Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analogue used to mimic postprandial insulin spikes in diabetic individuals. The onset of action of insulin lispro is 10-15 minutes. Its activity peaks 60 minutes following subcutaneous injection and its duration of action is 4-5 hours. Compared to regular human insulin, insulin lispro has a more rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of action. Insulin lispro is also shown to be equipotent to human insulin on a molar basis.
Mechanism of ActionInsulin glargine binds to the insulin receptor, a heterotetrameric protein consisting of two extracellular alpha units and two transmembrane beta units. The binding of insulin to the alpha subunit of IR stimulates the tyrosine kinase activity intrinsic to the beta subunit of the receptor. The bound receptor autophosphorylates and phosphorylates numerous intracellular substrates such as insulin receptor substrates (IRS) proteins, Cbl, APS, Shc and Gab 1. Activation of these proteins leads to the activation of downstream signaling molecules including PI3 kinase and Akt. Akt regulates the activity of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and protein kinase C (PKC), both of which play critical roles in metabolism. Insulin glargine is completely soluble at pH 4, the pH of administered solution, and has low solubility at physiological pH 7.4. Upon subcuteous injection, the solution is neutralized resulting in the formation of microprecipitates. Small amounts of insulin glargine are released from microprecipitates giving the drug a relatively constant concentration over time profile over 24 hours with no pronounced peak. This release mechanism allows the drug to mimic basal insulin levels within the body.
ToxicityInappropriately high dosages relative to food intake and/or energy expenditure may result in severe and sometimes prolonged and life-threatening hypoglycemia. Neurogenic (autonomic) signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia include trembling, palpitations, sweat
MetabolismPartly metabolized to two active metabolites with similar in vitro activity to insulin: A21-Gly-insulin and A21-Gly-des-B30-Thr-insulin.
AbsorptionDue to the modifications in the A and B chain, the isoelectric point shifts towards a neutral pH and insulin glargine is more stable in acidic conditions than regular insulin. As insulin glargine is less soluble at neutral pH, once injected, forms micro-p
Volume of DistributionN.A.
ClearanceN.A.
CategoriesN.A.
Patents NumberN.A.
Date of IssueN.A.
Date of ExpiryN.A.
Drug InteractionN.A.
TargetN.A.
Information of corresponding available drug in the market
Brand NameLantus SoloStar
CompanyN.A.
Brand DiscriptionLantus Solostar pens is a long-acting form of the hormone insulin
Prescribed forIt works by helping your body to use sugar properly. This lowers the amount of glucose in the blood, which helps to treat diabetes.
Chemical NameN.A.
FormulationN.A.
Physcial AppearanceSolution
Route of AdministrationSubcutaneous Injection
Recommended DosageN.A.
ContraindicationHypersensitivity
Side EffectsSevere allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); changes in vision; chills; confusion; dizziness; drowsiness; fainting; fast heartbeat; fast, shallow breathing.
Useful Linkhttp://www.drugs.com/cdi/lantus-solostar-pens.html
PubMed ID18454569, 16805721, 16049868, 15525480, 12904090, 12860485, 12324987, 20424816, 18034591
3-D StructureTh1041 (View) or (Download)